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Polish People's Army

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Wojsko Ludowe)
For other uses, see Polish People's Army (disambiguation).
For the current military of Poland, see Polish Armed Forces.
Not to be confused with Home Army.
Polish People's Army
Ludowe Wojsko Polskie
Emblem worn by LWP soldiers
ActiveMay 1943 – December 1989
Country Polish People's Republic
(1947–1989)
Allegiance Polish People's Republic
BranchAir Force of the Polish Army
(1943–1947)
Polish Air Force
(1947–1989)
Polish Air Defence Force
(1962–1989)
Polish Land Forces
Polish Navy
Size200,000
(1945)
HeadquartersSeltsy, RSFSR, Soviet Union
(1943–1945)
Warsaw, Polish People's Republic
(1945–1989)
PatronTadeusz Kościuszko
EngagementsWorld War II - Eastern Front

Aftermath of World War II

Invasion of Czechoslovakia
Battle honours For Warsaw
For Battle of Berlin
Commanders
First SecretaryMieczysław Rakowski (last)
Prime MinisterTadeusz Mazowiecki (last)
Minister of National DefenceFlorian Siwicki (last)
Chief of the General StaffJózef Użycki (last)

The Polish People's Army (Polish: Ludowe Wojsko Polskie, pronounced [luˈdɔvɛ ˈvɔjskɔ ˈpɔlskʲɛ]; LWP)[1] was the second formation of the Polish Armed Forces in the East during the latter stages of the Second World War (1943–1945), and subsequently the armed forces of the Polish communist state (1945–1989), which was formalized in 1952 as the Polish People's Republic.[2]

The creation of communist-led Polish armed forces that were outside the command of the Polish government-in-exile was allowed and facilitated by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, following efforts made in the early 1940s by Soviet-based Polish exiles Wanda Wasilewska and Zygmunt Berling.

Initially called the Polish Army in the USSR from 1943 to 1944,[3] it became the Polish Troops[4] and Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland[5] from 1944 to 1952, and thereafter the Armed Forces of the Polish People's Republic.[6] During these restructurings, the Polish military was increasingly integrated into Soviet miliary and command structures, becoming comparatively more distinct and independent in 1956.

On 7 October 1950, the anniversary of the Battle of Lenino—one of the first major engagements of Polish Armed Forces in the East against Axis forces—was declared the official "Day of the Polish People's Army" by the People's Republic.

History

[edit]

World War II

[edit]
Main article: Polish Armed Forces in the East
Polish troops, 1943

What became the LWP was formed during World War II, in May 1943, as the 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division, which developed into the First Polish Army, unofficially known as Berling's Army. Because of the shortage of Polish officers and the policies of the Soviet Union, in March 1945 Soviet Red Army officers accounted for nearly 52% of the officer corps (15,492 out of 29,372). Around 4,600 of them remained in the LWP by July 1946.[7]

It was not the only Polish formation that fought on the Allied side, nor the first one formed in the East. The earlier Polish force formed in the Soviet Union, known as Anders' Army, was loyal to the Polish government-in-exile and by that time had moved to Iran. The communist-led Polish forces soon grew beyond the 1st Division into two major commands – the First Polish Army (initially under Zygmunt Berling) and the Second Polish Army (commanded by Karol Świerczewski). The First Polish Army participated in the Vistula–Oder Offensive, the Battle of Kolberg and the final Battle of Berlin.[1]

Immediate post-war years

[edit]
The Polish First Army on their way to Berlin, 1945
Polish flag raised on the top of Berlin Victory Column on 2 May 1945
T-55A tanks of the Polish People's Army (Martial law in Poland)

After the war the Polish Army was reorganized into six (later seven) military districts. These were the Warsaw Military District, headquartered (HQ) in Warsaw, the Lublin Military District, HQ in Lublin, the Kraków Military District, HQ in Kraków, the Łódź Military District, HQ in Łódź, the Poznań Military District, HQ in Poznań, the Pomeranian Military District, HQ in Toruń, and the Silesian Military District, HQ in Katowice.[citation needed]

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the Polish Army was under the command of Marshal of the Soviet Union, Marshal of Poland and Minister of Defense of Poland Konstantin Rokossovsky. It was increasingly integrated into Soviet military structure and organization. This process was mitigated in the aftermath of the Polish October of 1956, when Władysław Gomułka formalized aspects of Poland's military relationship with the Soviet Union.[8] The Sovietization of the armed forces structure was phased out altogether and thus the combat and service support structures were integrated once more into regular combat formations following the old Polish model.

Cold War

[edit]
General Wojciech Jaruzelski in 1984

An anti-Zionist purge in the Polish Army took place in 1968 to systematically remove soldiers of Jewish origin, following the Six-Day War between Israel and Arab countries.

Characteristics

[edit]

Uniform

[edit]

In 1949, the first fundamental uniform reform after the war was made.[9] The "Dress Rules for the Soldiers of the Polish Army" were introduced and were to apply from January 1, 1951.

In the Polish People's Army, a soft field cap modeled on the pre-war one was introduced. After the war, the pre-war garrison caps were used again. Stiffened caps were only worn until around 1950 when they were completely replaced by round caps. In 1982, the Polish Rogatywka, modeled on the pattern from 1935, were restored in the Polish Army's Representative Company.[10]

Chaplaincy

[edit]

Throughout the entire period of the existence of the Polish People's Army, its officers and soldiers were provided with pastoral care. Such a service was provided by the General Dean's Office of the Polish Army.[11]

Training

[edit]
See also: Dzerzhinsky Political-Military Academy in Warsaw

In the 1980s, the Polish People's Republic had 4 military academies and 11 higher officers' schools, which trained auxiliary corpsmen and corresponded in rank to higher educational institutions. In 1954, judo instructors from the Warsaw and Kraków institutes of physical culture, participated in the training program for border guards and military personnel of the airborne units of the Polish army.[12]

Equipment

[edit]
Weapon Origin Type Notes Photo
P-64  Polish People's Republic Semi-automatic pistol
P-83  Polish People's Republic Semi-automatic pistol
P-33[13]  Polish People's Republic Semi-automatic pistol Licensed copy of TT-33.
AKM

AKMS

 Soviet Union

 Polish People's Republic

Assault rifle Standard issue rifle
PM-84  Polish People's Republic Submachine gun Limited use
PM-63  Polish People's Republic Submachine gun Standard submachine gun form 1963 till 1989[14]
7.62 mm pm wz.41  Soviet Union

 Polish People's Republic

Submachine gun Polish PPSh-41 produced domestically.[15]
SWD  Soviet Union Designated sniper rifle Standard marksman rifle of PPA
PK  Soviet Union

 Polish People's Republic

General purpose machinegun Standard general purpose machinegun of PPA
SKS  Soviet Union Semi-automatic rifle [16]
Mosin–Nagant  Soviet Union

 Polish People's Republic  Russian Empire

Bolt-action rifle Domestically produced.[17]
SG-43 Goryunov  Polish People's Republic

 Soviet Union

Machine gun [18]
RPG-7  Soviet Union

 Polish People's Republic

Light AT weapon

Ground Forces

[edit]
Tank Origin Version In service Notes
T-60  Soviet Union 3 pcs. - 1944-1945[19][20] After the war, several pieces were sent to military schools.[21]
T-70  Soviet Union 53 pcs. - 1944-1945[22] Some of the tanks used after 1945 by the Internal Security Corps.[23]
T-34  Soviet Union 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943[24] 118 pcs. - 1944-1945[25] According to Magnuski, many different versions of the T-34 vehicle were used, both early production and modernized ones.[26]
T-34-85  Soviet Union

 Polish People's Republic

M1, M2[27] 328 pcs. - 1944-1945. 1083 pcs. - 1955, 1444 pcs. - 1960, 417 pcs. - 1985[28] Domestically produced 1355 pcs. between 1952 and 1956.

In 1985, the military had 417 pieces of M1, M2 versions.[29]

PT-76  Soviet Union PT-76, PT-76B[30] 68 pcs. - 1965, 108 pcs. - 1970, 112 pcs. - 1985, 30 pcs. 1990[31] Some of the tanks were modernized in Poland by adding a DSzK HMG above the loader's hatch.[32]
T-54  Soviet Union

 Polish People's Republic

A, AD, AM, AM1, AM2, T-55U[33] 1258 pcs. - 1965, 998 pcs. - 1970[34] Between 1956 and 1964, 2,000 T-54 tanks were produced under license in Poland.[35]
T-55  Soviet Union

 Polish People's Republic

A, AD, AD-1, AD-2, AM, AD1M, AD2M, AMS[36] 128 pcs. - 1965, 956 pcs. - 1970, 2653 pcs., 2100 pcs. - 1990[37] Between 1964 and 1980, 5,000 T-55s were produced. Most of it was exported.[38]
T-72  Soviet Union

 Polish People's Republic

M, M1[39] 317 pcs. - 1985, 700 pcs. - 1990[40] In the years 1981-1990, Zakłady Mechaniczne Bumar-Łabędy produced approximately 1,600 T-72 tanks.[41]
IS-2  Soviet Union M[42] 50 pcs. - 1944-1945,[43][44] 180 pcs. - 1955, 75 pcs. - 1960[45] Withdrawn from use in the 1960s.[46]
IS-3  Soviet Union 2 or 3 pcs.[47] Brought for testing purposes. They did not come into use. Two copies have been preserved in museums in Poznań and Warsaw.[48]
TD/SPG Origin Version In service Notes
SU-57  USA

 Soviet Union

SPG 15 pcs. - 1944-1945,[49] Few pcs. survived war.[50] Withdrawn from use in the 1950s.[51]
SU-76  Soviet Union SPG 130 pcs. - 1944-1945,[52] 206 pcs. - 1955.[53] Withdrawn from use in the 1950s.[54]
SU-85  Soviet Union TD 70 pcs. - 1944-1945,[55] 51 pcs. - 1955, 43 pcs. - 1960[56] Withdrawn from use in the 1960s.[57]
SU-100  Soviet Union TD At least 3 pcs. - 1943-1945[58] Withdrawn from use in the 1950s.[59]
ISU-122S  Soviet Union SPG 32 pcs. – 1944-1945,[60] 399 pcs. (together with ISU-152) – 1955, 49 pcs. – 1960[61] Withdrawn from use in the 1960s.[62]
SU-152  Soviet Union SPG 3 pcs. - 1944-1945[63]
ISU-152  Soviet Union SPG 10 pcs. – 1944-1945,[64] 399 pcs. (together with ISU-122S) – 1955[65] Withdrawn from use in the 1950s.[66]
ASU-85  Soviet Union SPG 20-30 pcs. - 1965-1975[67] Withdrawn from use in the second half of 1970s.[68]
2S1 Goździk  Soviet Union

 Polish People's Republic

SPG 166 pcs. - 1985, 490 pcs. - 1990[69] Licensed production launched in the 1980s at Huta Stalowa Wola.[70]
wz.77 DANA  Czechoslovak Socialist Republic SPG The first copies appeared in WP in the mid-1980s.[71]
APC/IFV Origin Version In service Notes
BWP-1  Soviet Union

 Polish People's Republic

IFV 1 400[72]
BMP-2  Soviet Union IFV 62[73] Sold to Angola after communism fell in country.[74]
MT-LB  Soviet Union APC 15 [75]
TOPAS  Czechoslovakia

 Polish People's Republic

WPT-TOPAS, -2AP, R-2, R-3[76] 120 pcs. - 1968, 70 pcs. - 1990[77] Jointly developed by Poland and Czechoslovakia[78]
SKOT  Czechoslovakia

 Polish People's Republic

-1A, -2A, S-260 Art, S-260 Inż., -WPT, -2AP, R-1, R-2, R2M, R2AM, R-3, R-3M, R-3AM, R-4, R-6[79] 548 pcs. - 1966

2 500 total production form Polish Army[80]

Jointly developed by Poland and Czechoslovakia between 1963 and 1971.[81]
BTR-60  Soviet Union PU-12[82] Included with the 9K33 Osa SAM system delivered between 1980 and 1985.[83]
BRDM-1  Soviet Union The first ones entered the army in the 1960s[84]
BRDM-2  Soviet Union 9P133, 9P148, RS, 9P31[85] 800 pcs. - 1990[86]
FUG  Hungarian People's Republic The first ones entered the army in the 1960s[87]

Air Force

[edit]
Model Origin Type In service Notes
MiG-21  Soviet Union Fighter 600 [88]
MiG-23  Soviet Union Fighter 40 [88]
MiG-29  Soviet Union Fighter 12 [88]
Sukhoi Su-7  Soviet Union Attack Aircraft 50 [88]
Su-20  Soviet Union Attack Aircraft 40 [89]
Sukhoi Su-22  Soviet Union Attack Aircraft 110 [89]
Ilyushin Il-28  Soviet Union Bomber 80 [89]
Antonov An-2  Soviet Union Transport N/A [89]
Antonov An-26  Soviet Union Transport 20
Ilyushin Il-14  Soviet Union Transport 30
Mil Mi-8  Soviet Union Helicopter 80
Mil Mi-2  Soviet Union Helicopter 200 [90]
Mil Mi-24  Soviet Union Attack helicopter 40

Artillery

[edit]

Rocket Artillery

[edit]

Towed artillery

[edit]
Selfpropelled artillery
[edit]

Air defense

[edit]

Mobile missile

[edit]

Mobile self-propelled AA guns

[edit]

Towed anti-aircraft gun

Engagements

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Popularna Encyklopedia Powszechna Wydawnictwa Fogra (2016). "Pierwsza Armia Wojska Polskiego". Encyklopedia WIEM. Archived from the original on 2016-11-06. Retrieved 2016-11-06. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ Initially ruled by the Polish Workers' Party (1942-1948) and thereafter the Polish United Workers' Party.
  3. ^ Polish: Armia Polska w ZSRR.
  4. ^ Polish: Wojsko Polskie
  5. ^ Polish: Siły Zbrojne Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej.
  6. ^ Polish: Siły Zbrojne Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej
  7. ^ Kałużny, Ryszard (2007). "Oficerowie Armii Radzieckiej w wojskach lądowych w Polsce 1945-1956". Zeszyty Naukowe WSOWL (in Polish). 2 (2). AWL: 86–87. ISSN 1731-8157.
  8. ^ Jerzy Eisler, Siedmiu wspaniałych poczet pierwszych sekretarzy KC PZPR [The Magnificent Seven: First Secretaries of KC PZPR], Wydawnictwo Czerwone i Czarne, Warszawa 2014, ISBN 978-83-7700-042-7, pp. 214–215
  9. ^ Dziennik rozkazów MON nr 4 z 1949 roku poz.30.
  10. ^ "Pulk Reprezentacyjny Wojska Polskiego". Archived from the original on 2022-12-07. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
  11. ^ "Duszpasterstwo wojskowe w PRL". sjerzy.parafia.info.pl. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
  12. ^ Влодзимеж Голембевский. Из-под Фудзиямы на Вислу // журнал «Польша», № 5 (117), май 1964. стр.52-53
  13. ^ Instrukcja Piechoty Pistolet wz. 1933 (wydanie drugie) Piech. 38/48 [Infantry Manual Pistol pattern. 1933 (second edition) Piech. 38/48] (in Polish) (2nd ed.). Poland: Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej. 18 October 1961.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  14. ^ Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej - Departament Uzbrojenia (1974). 9 mm PISTOLET MASZYNOWY wz.1963 OPIS I UŻYTKOWANIE SPOSOBY I ZASADY STRZELANIA Uzbr. 1048/68 [9 mm MACHINE PISTOL wz.1963 DESCRIPTION AND USE SHOOTING METHODS AND RULES Armed. 1048/68] (in Polish) (Wydanie z 1974 ed.). Poland: Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej.
  15. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20131214032102/http://www.fabrykabroni.pl/tresci.php. Archived from the original on 2013-12-14. Retrieved 2024-07-06. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  16. ^ "Artigo original com identificação". doi:10.33233/eb.v17i5.2331.s1537 (inactive 2024-11-04). Retrieved 2024-07-06. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  17. ^ "Mosin Nagant Master Model Reference". 2017-07-16. Archived from the original on 2017-07-16. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  18. ^ Smith 1969, p. 526.
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Sources

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